A–Z Pet-Friendly Herbs – Simple Plant Remedies for Everyday Use

In this chapter I am delighted to be sharing my culinary herb recipes, top tips and natural plant remedies for pets. I have been using these for more than two decades, and they have been tried and tested on my own companion animals, at rescue centres all over the world and in my private practice.

The following alphabetical list of pet-friendly herbs provides the common and Latin names for the plant material I keep on hand in my kitchen and apothecary for use in natural healing, along with a clear explanation of the many ways in which each can be used and the common conditions they can treat. The featured herbs are my favourites.

I have also outlined which parts of the plant to use and have highlighted some of the medicinal compounds they contain – these are what makes the plants so special and allows them to be used to treat a range of everyday ailments while also providing important preventative measures. Also included are top tips for senior pets, housebound animals and those in rehabilitation from physical and emotional trauma, rescue and rehoming.

For more serious medical conditions these simple plant remedies are not a substitute for veterinary treatment, but make no mistake, conventional and holistic treatment go hand in hand – it is never one or the other and both are vital for treating the whole animal fully. We all want the very best for our pets and it is our duty to put them and what is best for them, first.

As a responsible guardian to the animals in my care, I would never diagnose or medicate a medical condition of theirs. Neither would I make a random phone call to someone to seek a diagnosis. A consultation with my vet is my first priority. She will make the diagnosis and together we will decide together the best course of action and a long-term plan. Using a combination of veterinary expertise, complementary treatments, a healthy diet and herbs for sensory wellbeing, we and our vets can be a winning team to help heal our animal companions.

Not all illnesses are simple physical problems and many can arise from an emotional imbalance or a dysfunctional lifestyle. Prescriptive medication is not necessarily going to solve this. Most illnesses will have other contributory factors: it might be stress – emotional or mental or both – or it might be behavioural or food-related. We need to investigate everything to get to the root of the problem and not just deal with what we can see on the surface.

USING HERBS IN YOUR PET’S DIET

Most of the herbs listed below have both medicinal and culinary virtues. When we use them in remedies to treat the animals in our care, it is important that they are kept as close to their natural state as possible, as in the natural world animals self-medicate with a variety of plant material to help them survive.

Enriching our pets’ lives at home with a variety of positive stimulations that involve taste, smell and touch is both rewarding and mentally invigorating for them – in the same way that it is for us when we are exposed to fragrant aromas such as that of a rose. Personally, I feel love and happiness; and when I smell mint I feel more focused, and when I smell lavender I feel calm.

In the natural world animals are exposed to a huge variety of smells and they have an innate response to aromas, tastes and touch. They are even aware of how the external parts of a plant, flower or tree can affect their own body when they rub themselves up against it.

It is fascinating to observe how an animal responds to some of the remedies listed below. You may well observe a change in your pet’s behaviour and body language when you use them, with signs of licking, chewing, yawning, sighing, appearing to stare into space, or becoming very relaxed. These are all indications that our animals are processing the aromas of the plants and beginning to chill out. Simply inhaling the aromas can be the trigger point to allowing healing to commence.

Dogs and cats have more than 300 million smell receptors (humans have just 6 million) and these can detect the tiniest vibration. All the senses are activated when they use these receptors, working on the physical, emotional and mental responses. There is much animal and human research showing that the aromatic smell of plant and herb material can affect the olfactory system: it reaches the bundles of nerve endings in the brain which, in animals, are associated with emotions, instinct and mood.

Cats and dogs are highly intelligent animals, and like us, they actually know what is best for them: after all, they looked after themselves for thousands of years before they came to live with us. We have taken away the opportunity for our companion animals to live entirely in the natural world and so they are reliant on us for most of their needs.

For me, then, it is gratifying to observe my cats and dogs self-select and munch on some of the grasses in our back garden, and know they are picking the succulent young shoots packed full of chlorophyll – which is such an important nutrient, rich in fibre that keeps the body healthy. I also like to bring some elements of the natural world into my house, where my pets live with me, and try to create as natural an environment as I can. In doing so I can maintain a balanced, joyful life for my pets.

Over the years, I have witnessed with my own eyes thousands of cats and dogs that were curious, interested and visibly appreciative of the positive intention and love that goes into creating something special for them. When we are happy and content our companion animals are happy and content too. Have fun making some of the remedies and treats below and enjoy this precious time with your animal companions.

ALOE VERA (Aloe barbadensis)

Parts used: the inner leaf gel immediately beneath the skin of the leaves.

Please note: all of the remedies containing aloe vera in this book are intended for external use only.

Common uses

Aloe vera is one of nature’s most remarkable plants and has been valued by mankind for more than two millennia. It originated in Africa and has rapidly spread to parts of the globe where the climate is favourable: it needs sunshine and no frost. Some of my animal charity work takes me to Africa, the Mediterranean and Sri Lanka – places that offer the perfect location and the right conditions for aloes to thrive.

Growing to around 70–80cm (2–2½ft) high, with about 10 to 12 thick, broad and spiky leaves forming a rosette and tapering to a point, this majestic, dark green plant is the source of the base gel I use to treat skin problems (see recipe below).

Aloe vera plays a crucial role in helping animals with a number of skin conditions. Firstly it soothes and is cooling to the skin; it helps with minor wound healing, skin irritations, burns, cuts, scrapes, sunburn, eczema, flea and tick bites. As it contains around 98 per cent water it is the perfect base material for remedies for furry animals as it is easily absorbed when you apply it topically (on the skin). Aloe vera forms part of my first-aid kit at home and abroad as it is gentle and soothing and most dogs and cats like and trust it.

Key properties

Let us take a closer look at the leaf of the aloe vera, where all of its medicinal properties live. The leaf comprises the rind, the sap and the mucilage inner gel. The rind of aloe vera leaf is dark green and waxy. Below it are vascular bundles, or tubules, containing the ‘sap’ – the clear, jelly-like gel we are interested in using. Inside this is a mucilage layer, rich in polysaccharide sugars, which surrounds the inner gel (the water – the storage organ of the plant).

There are more than 75 known ingredients in the aloe vera leaf. Minerals include zinc, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, copper, iron, manganese and chromium. Vitamins include A, C and E, together with the B group, and there is even a trace of vitamin B12, which is very rarely found in plants. Aloe vera possesses a powerful anti-inflammatory effect and broad antimicrobial activity. It contains powerful plant sterols – chemical compounds containing salicylic acid, which has painkilling and anti-inflammatory properties.

When applied topically, aloe gel has the ability to penetrate deep into the skin, where it stimulates and increases the activity of collagen and elastin, proteins that are part of the connective tissue that surrounds the body, enabling them to replicate themselves faster than they would normally. This speeds up the healing of the cell membranes, creating a healthy-looking skin and a barrier to insects, deterring them from laying their eggs in damaged skin. Research has shown that aloe vera can increase the rate of skin healing by about a third.

Dogs and cats with skin problems such as eczema and dermatitis respond well to aloe vera – especially the chronic variety in which there is often an allergic element. Since aloe vera contains natural antihistamines and antiseptic properties, mainly thanks to saponins (a soapy substance that acts as a cleansing agent), itchiness can be reduced, which in turn helps to soothe and calm the skin. Aloe vera complements conventional skin treatments as part of a long-term plan.

Aloe vera basic gel

A large handful of aloe vera leaves

½ teaspoon xanthan gum*

½ teaspoon vitamin C powder*

1. Break open the aloe vera leaves and scrape out the inner sap – this can be quite fiddly as the sap is slippery.
2. Place the sap in a blender, add 2 tablespoons of water, the xanthan gum and the vitamin C powder. Blend together until a thicker, gel-like consistency is achieved.
3. Store in a labelled, airtight glass jar in the fridge for up to one month.
4. Apply topically to affected area or itchy skin, avoiding the face and genitals.

* Vitamin C powder is a natural preservative you can buy in pharmacies or online. Xanthan gum is a natural thickener you can buy online (see Resources section for stockists).

To use the aloe vera basic gel, gently massage it between your fingers and apply it to the skin. Inevitably, you may have some fur in the way, but continue to work in and around the hair follicles. The gel is absorbed very quickly. It is excellent used ‘neat’ or as a remedy with added ingredients (see Bladderwrack below).

BLADDERWRACK (Fucus vesiculosus)

Parts used: whole plant.

Common uses and key properties

The common bladderwrack is part of the seaweed family and can be found washed up on beaches all over the world. There are hundreds of varieties of seaweed and almost all are edible: seaweed has been a source of food for animals and humans for thousands of years. It is packed full of beneficial nutrients, and fed in small amounts it is a wonderful food supplement for dogs and cats.

One of the main chemical compounds found in bladderwrack is iodine, used extensively to treat an underactive thyroid. It also contains organic (photo-synthetic) vitamins B and C, trace minerals, lipids, plant sterols, amino acids, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, antioxidants, polyphenols and flavonoids. It is useful as an electrolyte when valuable salts have been depleted from the body.

In recent years seaweed taken internally has been promoted for weight loss in overweight animals (it stimulates thyroid activity), for boosting the immune system, decreasing blood sugar and cholesterol, increasing gastrointestinal tract function, and for decreasing the joint pain associated with arthritis. Seaweed is also believed to be a detoxifier and a useful healing agent.

Bladderwrack can be used externally in compresses to reduce inflammation and arthritic pain and can be added to aloe vera gel as a topical application (see recipe below) to help with stiff joints, ligament damage, lick and bed sores – especially if animals are convalescing or paralysed for long periods of time.

Make your own

Bladderwrack K9/Feline sea biscuits

See recipe Bladderwrack K9/Feline sea biscuits. These are a lovely treat and easy to make. If you would prefer to use culinary dried sea vegetables, there are many seaweed varieties, including sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) and dulse (Palmaria palmata), which are available in some supermarkets and specialist food shops. Also try the UK-based seaweed supplier Seagreens: www.seagreens.co.uk.

Bladderwrack-infused sunflower oil

See recipe Bladderwrack-infused sunflower oil. This cat- and dog-friendly oil is highly nutritious. It contains essential minerals and electrolytes and is a strong immune-system stimulant. It is nourishing and useful for overweight animals needing a thyroid boost.

Powdered bladderwrack for cats with gingivitis

Research has shown that 100 per cent powdered seaweed is good for cats with this dental condition, especially where plaque builds up on the teeth. I have noticed that you need to administer it for at least six months to see any results. See Resources section for where to buy bladderwrack.

Aloe vera gel with seaweed

115g (4oz) dried bladderwrack

6 tablespoons aloe vera basic gel (see recipe above)

½ teaspoon xanthan gum

1. Place the bladderwrack in a cup, add boiling water and steep overnight until cool.
2. Strain the liquid and then place in a blender with the aloe vera basic gel and the xanthan gum. Blend to achieve a smooth gel.
3. Store in a labelled, airtight glass jar in the fridge for up to one month.
4. Apply topically to affected area or itchy skin, avoiding the face and genitals.

CALENDULA/MARIGOLD (Calendula officinalis)

Parts used: petals and flower heads.

Common uses and key properties

If you see the word officinalis in the Latin name of a plant, it is a hint at its medicinal virtues. Calendula, or marigold, is a safe and gentle plant that is a great source of culinary delight and a panacea for all manner of ailments. It forms part of my main apothecary and first-aid kit as it has many actions – as a mild anti-inflammatory, a wound healer, a skin healer, an astringent and a nutritive. It is traditionally used for skin and gastric complaints.

Calendula contains essential oils, pro-vitamin A and carotenoids (colourful plant pigments that are powerful antioxidants supporting the immune system) – hence the fabulous signature colours of its bright orange or deep yellow flowers. The plant is used in ointments and creams for cuts, bruises, burns and ulcers. It is used internally for gastric ulcers and inflammation. Being rich in sulphur, calendula has excellent blood-cleansing and antifungal actions and acts as a liver stimulant. Animal research studies have shown the saponin compounds in the plant may possess anti-tumour properties.

More recently we have been exposed to calendula’s culinary virtues, as its edible flower heads are increasingly used in cooking – the chefs in many fashionable restaurants find their vivid yellow and orange colour irresistible and add them to salads. I wholeheartedly recommend using the flower heads in my biscuit recipes (see Chapter 2). Calendula-infused sunflower oil is adored by dogs, cats and humans alike as it has a wonderful nutty taste and is highly nutritious; I like to make a salad dressing with it.

Make your own

Calendula biscuits

See recipe Calendula biscuits.

Calendula-infused sunflower oil

See recipe Calendula-infused sunflower oil. Use this on any skin condition in dogs and cats, or for an animal with a poor coat and dull eyes in need of a nourishing spring tonic. On an emotional level, the oil helps with emotional trauma and self-confidence, and raises self-esteem.

Note: when making the oil use English marigolds (Calendula officinalis). The French marigold (Tagetes patula) is a member of the daisy family Asteraceae and does not contain the properties of calendula.

Calendula ointment

This is excellent for post-operative scars and contact dermatitis (where the skin is intact); it also benefits furless, dry skin areas of the body. Follow the recipe for the comfrey ointment below, replacing the comfrey oil with calendula oil.

CATNIP (Nepeta cataria)

Parts used: aerial parts – leaves, stems and flowers.

Common uses and properties

Catnip is a member of the same plant family as mint, and is loved by cats and dogs alike as it works on the nervous system and stomach. It is a calming agent and an anti-spasmodic, easing tummy upsets and acting as a sedative. And for our feline friends it is a feline euphoric at the same time – the plant contains a chemical called nepetalactone, which has an extraordinary effect on many cats when they inhale it.

Some cats become so intoxicated by the smell of catnip that they rub themselves against the plant, roll in it and look completely happy – appearing to be in an almost trance-like state. Catnip forms part of my main practice: many of the cats I treat at rescue centres, on home visits and in private practice self-select catnip as it helps calm the nerves when there is restlessness or anxiety.

Oliver, my RSPCA cat, was almost classified as unsuitable for rehoming as he was a difficult animal to handle. He would extend his talons and lash out at anyone who came too close. He would spray everywhere and mark his scent and he permanently looked worried and anxious. When Oliver came to live with us we gave him all the time he needed to settle in, build up trust and unwind.

One of the many things we did was to place a tray of dried catnip near one of his beds. We left it down for days and he played with it for hours, tossing and turning and rolling in it. He would then seize one of my home-made catnip toys (see below) as if it were prey and purr with delight. (To see Oliver and other cats in action with catnip, visit www.animalchoices.co.uk.)

Oliver’s confidence grew, and so did his stature. My students and graduates from the Diploma in Animal Healing course could not get over the change in him. If your cat is not always interested in catnip, do not dismiss this as a sign not to offer it anymore. I always offer this herb on an ad hoc basis.

Make your own

Buy a catnip plant from a garden centre

Ask for the Nepeta cataria variety as cats prefer this, and it grows well in the garden. Harvest the aerial parts in summer and leave till crispy dry. Or alternatively, buy good quality dried catnip. See Resources section for a list of retailers.

Catnip cat toy

Cats will play with these for hours. Some shop-bought catnip toys have very little aroma, as the herb has passed its shelf life, and as a consequence cats ignore them. So it is best to make your own – here’s how:

Sew together two 100 per cent cotton squares (each 15 × 15cm/6 × 6in), leaving a small entrance on one side. Stuff full with dried catnip and then sew up the entrance. Alternatively, take a clean 100 per cent wool sock and stuff it full of dried catnip before sewing up the entrance.

Catnip cat tray

Sprinkle generous handfuls of loose dried catnip into a clean, deep tray, at least 35cm (14in) wide, 50cm (20in) long and 10cm (4in) high. Cats can explore the scents and roll in ecstasy, releasing all those wonderful endorphins – the happy hormones – for a purrfect feelgood factor.

Catnip-infused sunflower oil

See recipe Catnip-infused sunflower oil. This is great for cats and dogs with anxiety, nervousness and tension because it is calming and acts as a mild sedative.

Catnip Feline biscuits

See recipe Catnip Feline biscuits.

CHAMOMILE, GERMAN (Matricaria recutita)

Parts used: aerial parts – leaves and flowers.

Common uses and key properties

Chamomile is a safe and gentle herb for both internal and external use. German chamomile, and its relative, Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile), are among the most respected and widely used medicinal herbs in the world because of their calming and relaxing qualities.

German and Roman chamomile are practically identical in action and both are made into loose tea or teabags that are readily available in supermarkets as chamomile or (camomile) tea. The beautiful pollen heads and petals are used for the tea. I use chamomile tea when I am working in Sri Lanka on outreach projects where many dogs have tick infestations. After we have removed the ticks I sometimes make a chamomile wash (using the tea) to soothe their itchy, hot skin. It is useful for other skin problems, too, such as fleabites, stings, allergies and minor wounds (see recipe below).

Chamomile is useful for animals suffering from nervous tension and anxiety, restlessness and stress as it contains sedative properties. The plant has been shown to have significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions, too, so it is also useful for easing aches and pains.

Chamomile tea is helpful for indigestion, colic, nausea, bloat (build-up of gas) and vomiting. Research from animal and human studies shows that compounds such as apigenenin, chamazulene and matricin, and other volatile oil constituents of the flower, act as strong anti-spasmodic agents in the digestive tract, which can improve the production of bile to stimulate the appetite.

Make your own

Chamomile soothing wash

Hot, swollen or inflamed skin, including that caused by insect bites, contact allergies and hot weather, can benefit from this simple, water-based topical wash. Add two chamomile teabags to 550ml (1 pint) of boiled water, steep for 2 hours until cool and then apply the liquid to the skin with a clean sponge, avoiding the eyes, mouth and genitals.

Chamomile eye infusion

A cool compress made with chamomile will be soothing and gentle for conditions such as mild conjunctivitis. To prepare, follow the instructions for the soothing wash above. Using a clean cotton cloth gently dab around the eye area, making sure you do not get any of the liquid in the eye itself. Note: any eye condition must first be seen by a veterinarian.

Chamomile and lavender pillow

This will help deter insects, ease anxiety, create a calm outdoor aroma and help eliminate pet odours. Here’s how to make one:

Take an old 100 per cent cotton sheet and cut into two 25 × 25cm (10 × 10 in) pieces. Sew these together and then turn them inside out, leaving one side open. Fill with 115g (4oz) dried chamomile and 115g (4oz) dried lavender. Sew remaining side. Place pillow on top of your pet’s bedding, so he or she can choose to sniff it, lie on it or ignore it.

Chamomile Tea & Honey biscuits

See recipe Chamomile Tea & Honey biscuits.

Chamomile-infused honey

See recipe Chamomile-infused honey.

CHICKWEED (Stellaria media)

Parts used: aerial parts – leaves, flowers, and stems.

Common uses and properties

Chickweed is a wonderful year-round herb that grows in fields, gardens and hedgerows. It is safe, delicious and very palatable – I use it raw in salads and make a pesto sauce with it. The plant is very recognizable: it has delicate pale green leaves and tiny, white, star-like flowers.

Taken internally, chickweed acts to soothe, protect and mildly lubricate the upper digestive tract. It is packed full of vitamins A and C, and minerals including magnesium, copper, silicon, zinc and iron. It is a gentle restorative that helps animals with anaemia, skin problems and disorders of the digestive tract, lymphatic system and upper respiratory tract. Chickweed is available to pick from March until November everywhere, and I pick small clumps from meadows and footpaths.

Make your own

Chickweed-infused sunflower oil

See recipe Chickweed-infused sunflower oil. This is dog- and cat-friendly, supports the immune and lymphatic systems and helps itchy skin. Many long-coated cats self-select this oil to help with hairballs and soothe any minor irritation.

Chickweed ice cubes

This recipe is particularly useful for senior dogs that may be restless, need to keep cool and require a steady stream of small and nutritious snacks.

A large handful of fresh chickweed

1 teaspoon unset (runny) honey

1. Place the chickweed in a blender and add the honey and 2 tablespoons of water. Blitz until smooth.
2. Freeze the chickweed juice in ice-cube trays. Take out one cube at a time and allow your dog to lick it. This activates the salivary glands, helping to release tension in the lower jaw.

COMFREY (Symphytum officinale)

Parts used: aerial parts – leaves (topical use only).

Common uses

This plant is used to heal wounds and treat burns, skin ulcerations, abrasions, lacerations, flea and other insect bites, bruises, arthritis, tendons, ligaments and simple fractures. Although we are dealing only with cats and dogs in this book, I would like to bring to your attention how effective comfrey was for treating my horse, Betty, who at the age of 19 ruptured her left hind suspensory ligament.

My vet warned me that the injury might take up to a year to repair itself, if at all, as it was severe. He was more than happy for me to nurse her with my complementary treatments, healing and herbs, so I made up a comfrey ointment and applied it liberally, massaging it into the lower leg several times a week.

Betty was on box rest for six months, with regular visits from my vet, who monitored her progress. At the end of that period the vet was delighted – Betty had made a full recovery. Today, at the age of 25, she still enjoys a gentle hack around the countryside. I am convinced the comfrey ointment contributed to her recovery.

Key properties

Comfrey contains allantoin, which helps speed cell reproduction, both inside and outside the body. It also contains rose-marinic acid and several other compounds that exhibit anti-inflammatory, analgesic and astringent qualities. The comfrey ointment I use has been a useful aid in chronic cases of arthritis, and cruciate ligament and joint problems in dogs.

Make your own

Over the years clients have picked some of the English comfrey growing in my herb gardens and have made the ointment themselves, using the following recipe.

Comfrey ointment

500ml (18 fl oz) comfrey-infused sunflower oil (see recipe page 000)

20g (¾oz) high-quality beeswax

15 drops lavender essential oil

1. Heat the comfrey infused in sunflower oil in a large glass bowl over a bain-marie until it is warm to the touch.
2. Grate or chop the beeswax and add to the oil; stir until the beeswax has dissolved. Add the lavender essential oil (this acts as a preservative).
3. Transfer the mixture into sterilized jars. Allow to cool and harden, and then label the jars. Ointments made this way can last for up to a year.

To use the ointment, gently massage a little of it between your fingers and apply to the skin. Inevitably you may have some fur in the way, but continue to work in and around the hair follicles.

Unlike the aloe vera gel, which is water based and quickly absorbed into the skin, the comfrey ointment can clog up the fur (due to the beeswax and the oil), so be mindful of how much you are using. The aim is to get to the skin. Think of the Chinese saying, ‘where tissue grows energy goes’ – gentle massage stimulates blood circulation and brings blood to the surface.

GARLIC (Allium sativum)

Parts used: bulb.

Common uses

Throughout history garlic has been revered for its culinary and medicinal properties. There is a great deal of anecdotal and scientific evidence supporting the benefits of using this plant internally and externally in both humans and animals – garlic’s credentials are pretty impressive and wide-ranging.

Key properties

Garlic can be used as a powerful broad-spectrum antibiotic, an antiseptic, an antifungal, an anti-parasitic, an insecticide, an antiviral and a nutritive. It is also good for fungal infections, worms, upper respiratory tract infections, for strengthening the immune system, the blood, the cardiovascular system… the list is endless.

Garlic is packed with nutritious compounds such as calcium, iron, phosphorus, sodium and copper. It is rich in potassium and contains an impressive array of vitamins – B6, B1 (thiamine) and C – plus niacin, taurine, zinc and riboflavin. The pungent, sometimes overwhelming, smell of garlic is due to the vast amounts of sulphur in each clove. Insects tend to steer clear of anything that smells like garlic, which is why we use it in the neem insect repellent (see recipe under neem cold-pressed oil below).

I plant garlic every year in my herb gardens as I use it externally for ringworm, lice and tick bites in animals; it is also included in some of the food recipes I create for dogs. Taken internally, garlic cleanses the blood, supports the natural gut flora to aid digestion and is one of the best ways to support the immune system. For centuries now garlic has been used as a blood tonic. Overall, it is one of the most impressive broad-spectrum antimicrobial substances available in the natural world.

Garlic has the ability to help regulate blood sugar and it reduces cholesterol and triglycerides while purifying the liver by helping with detoxification. It also contains selenium, a powerful antioxidant which activates enzymes that protect against cancer. Cancer is the leading cause of non-accidental deaths in dogs. The National Cancer Institute has found garlic to be effective in slowing the growth of cancer cells. And at least 30 other compounds contained in garlic have been shown to be useful for conditions ranging from skin disorders to tumours.

There have been reports that feeding dogs a lot of garlic can cause a condition called hemolytic anemia. However, you would need to feed 50 cloves at one time to reach that level of toxicity. Feeding one or two cloves a few times a week is perfectly safe. The AAFCO (American Association of Feed Control Officials) has acknowledged that garlic is safe; this body gathers information from US toxicologists and is responsible for monitoring the safety of animal feed products.

Caution: many cats do not like garlic and prefer the milder herb chives (see opposite).

Make your own

Garlic-infused honey

See recipe Garlic-infused honey.

Garlic K9 biscuits

See recipe Garlic K9 biscuits.

Ear mite garlic oil remedy

Garlic oil helps get rid of ear mites and wards off re-infestation.

1 large clove garlic, minced

Olive oil

1. Place the garlic in a saucepan and cover with oil to a depth of about 1cm (½in).
2. Warm gently over a low heat for 1 hour. Strain the oil and allow to cool. Bottle, label and keep in the fridge.
3. To use, dip a cotton-wool bud into the oil and apply to ears.

CHIVES (Allium Schoenoprasum)

Parts used: aerial parts – leaves only.

Common uses and key properties

I have chive plants dotted about my herb gardens to deter the aphids from gorging themselves on my rose bushes, and I sometimes substitute chives for garlic when making healthy recipes for cats (who generally prefer chives to garlic) as the herb has a milder taste and action, yet similar properties to garlic. Chives are rich in vitamin A and C, iron, calcium and sulphur. They have antibacterial and antifungal qualities and help to boost the immune system.

Wild garlic, or Ramsons Allium ursinumis, is just as important medicinally as shop-bought garlic bulbs. I have located a woodland glade within the national park where I live that is awash with wild garlic during May and early June. Wild garlic has lush green leaves and round, white flower heads. There is always a familiar pungent smell wafting through the air in this glade, so there is no mistaking I am in garlic territory! This aroma is more to do with the wild garlic leaves, which ooze the garlic smell; in some instances these are more palatable than garlic cloves.

Make your own

Wild garlic leaf-infused oil for dogs

Pick a handful of wild garlic leaves on a sunny afternoon (so they remain dry). Roll them individually into thin tubes and pop them into a glass bottle of mild olive oil. Label and keep in the fridge. Leave for a couple of weeks to infuse and then offer a teaspoon of oil a few times a week on a self-selection basis.

Chive Feline treats

See recipe Chive Feline treats.

GINGER (Zingiber officinale)

Parts used: root.

Common uses

Ginger is one of the most versatile herbs – it is used in culinary dishes all around the world, and is helpful as a digestive aid for animals and humans suffering from nausea, colic, flatulence, vomiting and lethargy.

Quite often I see dogs and cats at my clinic who are suffering from travel sickness, or are undergoing chemo- or radiotherapy treatment for cancer, and I have found ginger to be most useful in dealing with symptoms of nausea. Although none of my animal clients have self-selected raw ginger root, I have perfected a couple of recipes in which ginger is one of the prime ingredients and animals happily self-select my ginger-infused honey and/or my ginger biscuits as part of their rehabilitation programme.

Key properties

Ginger contains anti-inflammatory compounds called gingerols, which help with circulation. This is particularly useful for senior animals that are a little unsteady and worried about their mobility. Ginger has a stimulating and warming effect on the body, and as we are dealing with the root of the plant, I tend to think anything used from beneath the soil has real earthy and grounding qualities.

This is certainly the case with ginger, as it works quite quickly. In winter I particularly like to drink ginger-infused tea to help combat a circulatory condition I suffer from called Raynaud’s, which affects my fingers in cold weather. The ginger helps to increase circulation to the peripheral parts of the body (hands and feet) and within minutes of drinking the infused tea I can feel the warmth spreading to my hands and fingers. Amazingly, the swelling and redness that is a characteristic feature of Raynaud’s disappears.

Make your own

Ginger-infused honey

See recipe Ginger-infused honey.

Ginger K9 biscuits

See recipe Ginger K9 biscuits.

LAVENDER (Lavandula angustifolia)

Parts used: flowers and leaves.

Common uses and key properties

Lavender is loved and respected all over the world for its aromatic fragrance, pretty indigo flowers, and calming and relaxing qualities. As early as Roman times this common herb was added to bath water to help soothe aches and pains and minor irritations. Its Latin name, lavere, means ‘to wash’.

A lavender tea, made by infusing a handful of fresh or dried flowers in 550ml (1 pint) of water, can be a useful topical wash to soothe and relieve animals from itchy and irritating skin ailments, especially when they are stressed and need calming.

Lavender also works well as an insect repellent: I often use the recipe below on my own dogs as a preventative measure as it deters insects from biting them and using them as a host on which to feed and multiply. If you suspect or already have an insect problem, though, you must visit your veterinarian immediately.

Make your own

Lavender is added to the insect repellent recipe below as a topical application as it soothes the skin and has antibacterial and astringent qualities and calms a nervous animal. Plus, most insects dislike lavender. This repellent has been really useful when I treat stray and abandoned sick animals in animal outreach projects in countries such as South Africa, Sri Lanka, Portugal and Egypt, where mange, ticks and fleas are rife.

Insect repellent for dogs and cats

1 handful fresh lavender flowers

3 fresh sage leaves

3 sprigs fresh rosemary

1 handful fresh lemon balm

2 garlic gloves, peeled

4 drops warm neem oil (see Neem entry below)

1. Put the lavender, sage, rosemary and lemon balm in a blender and add 500ml (18 fl oz) water. Blend the ingredients on a high speed for 1 minute.
2. Pour the mixture into a glass bottle with a tight-fitting lid and leave on the windowsill to infuse for 1 day.
3. Sieve the liquid and discard the herbs. With a pestle and mortar grind the garlic cloves to a very fine pulp and add this to the liquid. Pour the liquid back into the bottle and then add the warm neem oil.
4. Place remedy in a glass jar, label and keep in the fridge for up to a week. Shake the jar from time to time to help infuse the garlic.
5. When applying the insect repellent use a soft new sponge. Gently sponge down the back and flanks only, keeping clear of the face and genitals.

Chamomile and lavender pillow

See Chamomile, above.

LEMON BALM (Melissa Officinalis)

Parts used: leaves.

This plant is related to mint and its leaves have a gentle lemon scent. It is often used in insect repellents (see recipe above) because of its high (24 per cent) citronella content.

LINSEED (Linum usitatissimum)

Parts used: seeds.

Common uses

Throughout history, linseed has been consumed by humans and animals for its health benefits, and as a food source. While linseed is rich in protein, research suggests that its health benefits are probably down to its fatty acid and fibre profile. Approximately 42 per cent of linseed is oil, of which nearly three-quarters is polyunsaturated fat – a healthy fat.

Linseed plant oil is cold-pressed from unprocessed flaxseeds/linseeds (same name), and contains a unique balance of omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids. Omega-3 accounts for one quarter of all cell membranes in the body and enables the body to absorb important nutrients. It strengthens the membranes around the body’s 700 million million cells. Linseed oil contains a host of amino acids, antioxidants and phyto-nutrients.

Flaxseed is the richest plant source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid that is also found in some green vegetables, such as kale, spinach and salad greens. It has many important functions. It is mainly used for energy and converts to long-chain omega-3 fat such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Like humans, animals cannot manufacture these themselves and cannot survive without them, so it is important to offer your pets a nutritious supplement like cold-pressed linseed oil on a self-selection basis.

Key properties

ALA helps prevent heart disease and stroke; it also reduces inflammation and helps in autoimmune diseases such as arthritis. Due to its high alpha-linoleic content, linseed can help eliminate dull, dry coats in animals and the itching and scratching that can accompany them. It promotes healthy skin and a shiny coat, and also encourages strong, healthy nails.

Recent research shows that it is helpful with some cancers as it is rich in lignans – components that researchers believe assist in the prevention of stomach and colon cancer – and antioxidants, which help reduce the activity of cell-damaging free radicals.

• Milled linseed meal – when the seeds are ground to a part powder they contain high quantities of both soluble and insoluble dietary fibre and plant lignans (phytoestrogens). These components play a role in the maintenance and improvement of general animal health and digestion. Soluble fibre reduces blood cholesterol levels, while insoluble fibre helps create good bowel movements. Keep milled linseed in an airtight food storage box in the fridge and use within seven weeks of purchase. Milled linseed meal provides up to 800 times more lignans than any other plant. (Note, however, that linseed oil contains virtually no lignans.)

Pregnant animals benefit from taking linseed meal/oil as it helps them produce more milk and reduces the likelihood of mastitis. Many pet food manufacturers include milled linseed as a source of essential fatty acids in their premium pet foods. Linseed oil should be kept cool and in dark bottles, making the refrigerator a good storage location.

• Pure, cold-pressed linseed oil – an exceptional plant source of omega-3, -6 and -9 fatty acids, and packed full of goodness for improved energy and healthy circulation, skin and coat. It is highly nutritious, has anti-inflammatory properties and is beneficial against autoimmune diseases.

Make your own

Linseed K9/Feline biscuits

See recipe Linseed K9/Feline biscuits.

MILK THISTLE (Silybum marianum)

Parts used: seeds.

Common uses

Milk thistle is a dog- and cat-friendly herb that is used to help with all manner of liver conditions in both animals. It helps protect the liver cells from contaminants and toxins and helps activate liver repair by boosting protein synthesis. This is particularly useful when animals are receiving chemotherapy or a number of conventional drugs at the same time as it aids getting rid of the unwanted side effects.

Key properties

Milk thistle contains a chemical compound called silymarin, which enhances liver function, especially when the liver is in crisis. Together with other compounds this antioxidant creates a powerful barrier to unwanted poisons. Vets have used milk thistle to help treat jaundice, hepatitis, kidney damage and vaccination complications, and in the recovery stages of parvovirus. Milk thistle powder is best used for conditions in which the liver is under stress – these need to be diagnosed by a veterinarian – it is not necessary to use it as a daily supplement.

MINT (Mentha piperita)

Parts used: aerial parts – leaves.

Common uses and key properties

Mint, best known as the peppermint variety Mentha piperita, is one of the best digestive aids available and helps soothe and relax the digestive tract. Many human and animal prescription drugs contain mint because it helps with all manner of digestive complaints, including indigestion, flatulence, nausea, colitis, bloat and colic; it has antispasmodic and calming qualities that help settle the stomach.

The ‘mintiness’ we smell and taste when we drink mint tea comes from aromatic oils in the plant which contain chemical compounds such as menthol and volatile oils that help to stimulate the liver, increasing the flow of bile. Mint also has anti-inflammatory properties and can be added to my aloe vera basic gel (see recipe above) and used as a topical application to help with aches and pains.

When I work at Animal Care Egypt in Luxor, I harvest fresh peppermint, which is cultivated nearby, in fields bordering the River Nile. It is an important crop – many Egyptians drink mint tea as it is refreshing and cooling in the long, hot summers. It is also used in many local dishes, not just to flavour food but also for medicinal purposes as it has a dual action – it calms stomach tension (as in Irritable Bowel Syndrome) and has rejuvenating qualities that relieve mental anxiety and help maintain focus.

I use mint in a topical wash (infuse two mint tea bags in 1 litre (1¾ pints) of cold water for 30 minutes and gently sponge over the back and flanks) to help keep animals cool when it is hot, and I use fresh mint in the biscuits I make for the local dogs suffering from an unsettled stomach. Mint’s culinary virtues are well known and it is a very easy herb to grow. In fact, it can seed itself everywhere and dominate the garden, so in my herb gardens I grow peppermint (Mentha piperita) and applemint (Mentha rotundifolia) in large tubs to help keep the plants’ growth in check.

Make your own

Mint-infused sunflower oil

See recipe Mint-infused sunflower oil. This is dog-friendly, but cats are not so interested in it. It assists dogs with aches and sprains, calms the stomach, is nourishing and cleansing, and opens up the airways. It is fresh and mentally clearing, helping keep dogs alert yet grounded, and alleviating boredom.

Mint K9 biscuits

See recipe Mint K9 biscuits. Many dogs love these, and they help with bad breath, travel sickness, anxiety and depression.

NEEM (Azadirachta indica)

Parts used: fruit, bark, leaves and seeds. Caution: topical application only.

Common uses

The neem tree, which is native to India and Southeast Asia, is very versatile, with all parts being used in traditional medicine. The tree has been used for thousands of years to treat a variety conditions in both humans and animals. I work with an international rescue centre in Sri Lanka, helping to rehome and rehabilitate stray animals, and have seen how the locals regard the neem tree as the village dispensary for many of their ailments.

Unfortunately, most do not think to extend this help to the stray dogs that roam the streets, covered from head to toe in ticks and fleas. It is heartbreaking to see how anxious and distressed they are. Desperate to remove these parasites, many dogs gnaw at their own flesh, some causing a secondary infection to take hold and creating an even bigger problem to solve.

NEEM COLD-PRESSED OIL

The cold-pressed oil made from the fruit and seeds of the neem tree is a valuable ingredient in the topical insect spray I make to help combat ticks and fleas (see recipe below). I have to make sure I buy the very best cold-pressed oil and not a cheap, chemically extracted version which, through the extraction process, removes some of the powerful plant compounds that actually deter the insects in the first place.

Key properties

Neem is widely respected because it kills and repels insects, including mosquitoes and fleas. It deters them from laying their eggs on animals and humans. Research has found a compound in neem called azadirachtin, which apparently prevents young insects from growing properly and the adults from reproducing and laying eggs. It also appears to stop insects from feeding on the host animal.

The cold-pressed oil also has antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral qualities. It should only be used externally on the skin as part of a topical treatment and not taken internally. It helps with many skin conditions, including ringworm, eczema, fleas, ticks, mange and mites.

Make your own

Neem insect repellent for dogs

Good-quality cold-pressed neem oil has a thick and sticky consistency and is difficult to use. Making this recipe therefore requires patience and trust, as the neem oil and the base ingredient, water, do not really mix. However, with a bit of determination, and a little magic with some washing-up liquid to help bring it together, hey presto we have a remedy!

1 tablespoon neem oil*

500ml (18 fl oz) warm water

1 drop of washing-up liquid

1. Heat the neem oil in a glass bowl over a bain-marie until it is warm to the touch and thinner in consistency.
2. Add the water and the washing-up liquid and beat together vigorously with a whisk for a few minutes, until the mixture comes together. Place the liquid in a glass bottle, label it and keep in the fridge. Use within two months.
3. When applying the neem insect repellent use a clean cloth. Gently sponge down the back and flanks, keeping clear of the face and genitals.

If you do not use all of the bottled neem repellent at once, when you come to use it later you will notice that the neem oil has separated from the water – forming fat globules – and appears to be unstable. Do not be alarmed, though – place the bottle over a bain-marie again to warm it, shake the bottle well and try a little on your arm, to test the temperature. Apply as above.

* See Resources section for stockists.

Treating cats with neem

The amazing pest control qualities of the neem tree are not only found in the oil pressed from its fruits and seeds, they are also found in its bark and leaves, both of which have antimicrobial compounds. Cats, I find, are more willing and interested in my neem-leaf tea and powdered bark recipes (see below). The leaf and bark are safe to use, even if a cat has self-groomed and ingested some, as there are no known adverse side effects.

When I am working overseas on outreach cat programmes I make up both recipes. Short-haired cats fare better with the powdered neem bark recipe, as I can reach the skin more easily, and long-haired cats do well with the neem-leaf tea version as it penetrates the hair shaft. Both are safe and help as a preventative measure. Every cat is individual so it is important to try different ways to achieve the desired outcome.

Make your own

Neem-leaf tea insect repellent for cats

4 tablespoons fresh or dried neem leaf*

1. Place the neem leaf in a cup, then fill the cup to the brim with just-boiled water. Steep overnight until cool.
2. Strain the liquid and place in a glass jar; label, and keep in the fridge for up to a week.
3. Take a clean cloth or sponge and apply to the back and flanks; avoid the face and genitals.

* See Resources section for stockists.

Neem bark powder insect repellent for cats

4 tablespoons neem bark powder*

4 tablespoons internal green clay*

1. Place the bark powder and green clay in a glass jar with a screw-on lid. Shake the jar to mix both ingredients together and then label it.
2. Take a small handful of the powdered mixture and rub through the back and flanks; avoid the face and genitals.

* See Resources section for stockists.

NETTLE (Urtica dioica)

Parts used: aerial parts – leaves and stems.

Common uses

Nettles are a rich source of vitamins A and C, iron, sodium, chlorophyll, zinc, silica, protein and dietary fibre (the high vitamin C content enables the iron to be absorbed more efficiently by the body). Nettles are an excellent tonic and a general blood cleanser and conditioner.

They also stimulate the circulation, which makes them ideal for conditions such as rheumatism and arthritis, and are one of nature’s best nutraceuticals. They also have antihistamine properties, which makes them excellent for animals that have sensitivities and allergies to pollen and tree bark and therefore have compromised immune systems.

Key properties

Nettles contain a vast array of nutrients. In fact, 100g (3½oz) of dried nettle plant contains up to 30g (1½oz) of crude protein (30 per cent by weight), 2,970mg of calcium, 680mg of phosphorus, 32.2mg of iron, 650mg of magnesium, 20.2mg of beta-carotene and 3,450mg of potassium, along with vitamins A, C, D and B-complex – all in a highly palatable form that can be effectively assimilated into the body without creating excess stress upon the liver, kidneys or digestive tract.

One of the graduates of my Diploma in Animal Healing course, Kajsa, comes from Stockholm in Sweden and she told me how important nettles are as part of a balanced diet in her home country. For six months of the year most parts of Sweden are covered in snow and many people and animals are starved of vital green nutrients, as the problem of producing nutrient-rich food is compounded by a short growing season.

Many Swedes forage for the winter-hardy nettles that are sometimes cultivated as a fodder crop and a vegetable source and make them into herbal teas. Nettle also makes an excellent additional food source for animals needing extra trace minerals and vitamins in their diet.

Make your own

Nettle seeds

These are a useful support to the adrenal glands. In the summer months strip the seeds from the stems, dry them for five days and then gently bruise using a pestle and mortar. Keep in a labelled glass jar and sprinkle a little on your pet’s food.

Nettle K9 biscuits

See recipe Nettle K9 biscuits.

Nettle-infused sunflower oil

See recipe Nettle-infused sunflower oil. This cat- and dog-friendly oil is a nutritious tonic that aids those with anaemia and improves circulation. It is also a nourishing food for pets in convalescence and recuperation.

Nettle-leaf K9 rinse

This is an excellent skin and coat rinse that nourishes a pet’s fur and provides symptomatic relief for itchy skin and fleabites. The nettle’s sting is removed by cooking. Use young nettle tops, as they are more flavoursome than the older leaves at the bottom of the plant.

4 tablespoons fresh nettle tops

1. Place the nettles in a cup, then fill the cup to the brim with just-boiled water. Steep overnight until cool.
2. Strain the liquid and pour into a labelled glass jar.

PARSLEY (Petroselinum crispum)

Parts used: aerial parts – fresh leaves.

Common uses and key properties

Parsley is one of the most nutritious common garden herbs around and is very easy to grow. It can happily be nurtured and grown in tubs, window boxes and vegetable plots. It is packed full of minerals and protein and rich in vitamins A and C, iron and copper, chlorophyll, magnesium and beta-carotene, which makes it ideal as a general blood tonic, a digestive aid and a wonderful supplement for anaemia. It is a lovely addition to home-made treats for cats and dogs.

ROSEHIP (Rosa canina)

Parts used: fresh or dried hips.

Common uses and key properties

When August comes around I cannot wait to harvest the ruby-red rosehips that grow freely throughout hedgerows, scrubland and woods. The hips are a rich source of vitamins A, C, K, B1 (thiamine), plus niacin, riboflavin, and volatile oils. When used in my rosehip-infused sunflower oil (see below), rosehips make an excellent spring tonic and serve as a tasty and nutritious snack for animals.

In fact, my three dogs are often found in the hedgerow when we are out on a foraging trip, self-selecting rosehips and ripe blackberries. The whole hip can be fed, either fresh or dried. Dried hips can be ground in an electric grinder and added to my Hedgerow Hip Bites treats.

Make your own

Rosehip-infused sunflower oil

See recipe Rosehip-infused sunflower oil. This dog- and cat-friendly oil is highly nutritious and supports the immune system.

Rose petal water for cats

All parts of the rose are edible and usable; however we are concentrating on the petals for this recipe. You can use any rose species. Personally, I like to use the dog rose, which can be found growing in hedgerows – it flowers in June and July.

1. Collect as many scented rose petals as you can find (enough to fill 3–4 cups) and place in a large saucepan.
2. Pour boiling water over the petals, until completely covered. Stir for a few minutes and then let the water cool completely. Leave in the fridge overnight.
3. Strain the rose liquid into a clean glass jar and label.
4. Pour a little rose water onto a clean plate and allow your cat to sniff the aromatic aromas.

Some cats may wish to lick some rose water, too – this is perfectly safe. Do not mix it with your cat’s drinking water, though, and always have plenty of fresh water available in a separate bowl.

ROSEMARY (Rosmarinus officinalis)

Parts used: leaves, stems, and flowers.

Common uses

I mentioned earlier that any plant with officinalis in its Latin name is known for its medicinal virtues and rosemary has been used for thousands of years in cooking and in pharmacy. It is a popular herb as it can be harvested all year round. An attractive, woody shrub, rosemary has pretty lilac-blue flowers and a wonderful aromatic smell, especially when you rub your fingers in between the leaves to release some of the precious oils.

On my trips to rescue centres in the Mediterranean I forage locally for rosemary as it is native to southern Europe and it grows well everywhere. I like to use local herbs in my remedies and share the recipes with the local rescue centres, so they in turn can use them. Many of the centres I work with have very little funding and are totally reliant on donations to help with feeding and medicines.

Key properties

Rosemary is a useful addition to the insect repellent recipe, as it has excellent antimicrobial, antibacterial and antifungal properties and studies have shown that it is also active against infections such as staphylococcus albus, staphylococcus aureus and E coli. On more than one occasion when overseas I have witnessed stray dogs rolling in rosemary bushes to help deter insects from biting them.

When I am treating senior dogs with arthritis, stiffness and muscular aches I sometimes make up a rosemary acupressure massage oil (see recipe below) as rosemary also has proven anti-inflammatory properties. I pour a little on my fingers and thumbs and gently apply it topically to specific points on the animal’s body. See Fingers and Thumbs chapter for more on acupressure.

Rosemary also has calming and soothing qualities that help with anxiety, nervous exhaustion and long-term stress. This is particularly useful for rescue animals that are waiting for a new home and have been in a shelter for a long time.

As for its culinary properties, I like to add a pinch of rosemary to the tasty treats I bake at home for my dogs, cats, animal guests and myself. Rosemary has anti-spasmodic qualities and helps with digestive problems; researchers have also confirmed that it is an effective antioxidant and helps to slow down cell damage.

Make your own

Rosemary acupressure massage oil

Note: this oil is for topical use only

150ml (5 fl oz) sunflower oil

6 sprigs dried rosemary

1. Heat the sunflower oil gently in a saucepan – taking care not to let it boil – and then add the rosemary sprigs.
2. Remove from the heat and stir the mixture with a wooden spoon.
3. Allow to cool and infuse for 48 hours. Strain the oil, pour into a dark bottle and label. Use within six months.

SAGE (Salvia officinalis)

Parts used: leaves

Common uses and key properties

Sage is an effective remedy for mouth, skin or digestive problems in dogs and cats. It is great for keeping teeth clean and preventing gingivitis as it contains thujone, a powerfully volatile oil that has antiseptic, antibiotic and antimicrobial qualities.

I like to plant sage because I use it in cooking and make a sage tea for myself. I place a handful of fresh leaves in a mug and add boiling water. I let this infuse for 10 minutes and sip it throughout the day. Sage tea is an excellent remedy for mouth ulcers and for when you are generally feeling run down. When the tea has cooled I sometimes use it to clean my dogs’ teeth to maintain healthy gums (see ‘make your own’ below).

Sage is an important culinary herb, having been used in cooking for the last 2,000 years. My dogs and cats love small amounts of it chopped up very finely and added to home-baked treats; it also adds fibre to their diet. As with all culinary herbs a little goes a long way.

Make your own

Sage toothpaste

A couple of times a year, take a small children’s toothbrush, dip it in some cooled sage tea (see instructions above) and then gently brush around the teeth and gums of your dog or cat. This is a wonderful opportunity to have a closer inspection of your pet’s mouth. If there is excess tartar or gum disease you will need to have your pet’s teeth looked at by your veterinarian.

Add to dog and cat treats

Add a small handful of very finely chopped sage to any of the biscuit recipes in Chapter 2.

SPIRULINA (Spirulina platensis)

Parts used: whole plant, ground to a powder.

Common uses and key properties

Spirulina is a species of algae that has inhabited the planet for more than 3 billion years. It grows wild and abundantly around the world in very alkaline, mineral-rich, largely pollution-free waters, and also thrives in very warm soda lakes. It has the most remarkable concentration of nutrients: 60 per cent vegetable protein, a complete and digestible source of vitamin B-complex, beta-carotene, phyto-nutrients and antioxidants and a wide variety of minerals.

Spirulina is an excellent all-round nutritional supplement for dogs and cats and a good source of essential fatty acids to help promote a healthy skin and coat. It is helpful for senior animals as it encourages appetite and strengthens and boosts the immune system. In return dogs and cats will receive vital nutrients for body repair.

Spirulina powder is a vivid blue-green in colour and is expensive to buy, but as it is rich in nutrients, only small amounts are needed. My dogs and cats enjoy eating my pet treats containing spirulina, rather than licking the powder from a plate. Add 1 teaspoon of spirulina to any of the biscuit recipes in Chapter 2.

THYME (Thyme vulgaris)

Parts used: aerial parts – flowers and leaves.

Common uses and key properties

This wonderful kitchen garden herb is easy to grow and adapts well to most soil types. I have a number of plants in my herb gardens and decorative tubs outside the back door. I often pick a few sprigs of thyme and make a small bouquet to add to my chicken broth.

Like many culinary herbs thyme has a pleasing taste, and it helps aid digestion and boost the immune system. Thyme owes some of its success to a wonderful chemical compound called thymol, which has powerful antiseptic, antibacterial and antifungal qualities. Thyme is a good antiseptic for the mouth and throat and is useful for fighting gingivitis in dogs and cats.

Make your own

Mouth infections/gingivitis prevention

A strong thyme tea can be directly applied to the gum lines or infected sites with a swab. See instructions under Sage toothpaste above, substituting the sage for thyme.

Add to dog treats

To help the digestive tract of dogs with conditions such as an upset stomach and colitis, add 1 teaspoon of finely chopped thyme to any of the dog treat recipes in Chapter 2.

Thyme-infused honey

See recipe Thyme-infused honey.

VALERIAN (Valeriana officinalis)

Parts used: root.

Common uses and key properties

Valerian is valued medicinally as a sedative and is a gentle, safe, relaxing herb for dogs and cats. However it is interesting to observe how valerian affects some of our feline friends compared to our dogs. It contains a chemical compound called valerinone, which acts as a stimulant in cats and is similar to catnip (Nepeta cataria) in as much as it can drive some cats into a frenzy.

On one occasion I was sewing a valerian-filled cat toy at the kitchen table for an animal charity fundraising event when my rescue cat Oliver raised his nose, sniffed the air and suddenly pounced at the toy, grabbing it from me with his front paws and holding it to his chest, purring loudly as he head-butted it. He then flipped over and writhed, snake-like, on his back, his tail thumping the table and an expression of pure ecstasy on his face. Needless to say I did not get the cat toy back!

A valerian cat toy (see ‘make your own’ below) can help in a variety of situations, including rehabilitation after surgery; when cats are bored, or are stressing about other cats in the neighbourhood or their cat housemates; when cats are anxious or nervous, or are suffering from emotional trauma. It also helps cats that are settling into a new home, or are lethargic or depressed, or are needing mental stimulation or pure amusement.

I have often placed valerian cat toys in my dogs’ day beds to observe their reaction. There is never a sniff or nose twitch or funny five minutes from any of them. However, preparations made with valerian root taken internally can help calm a dog with anxiety, and your veterinarian can advise you accordingly. Many holistic veterinarians are also using valerian to help with epilepsy and to reduce the frequency of seizures in dogs.

Make your own

Valerian cat toy

Cats will play with these for hours. Sew together two 100 per cent cotton squares (15 × 15cm/6 × 6in), leaving a small entrance. Stuff full with dried valerian root and then sew up the entrance. Alternatively, take a clean 100 per cent wool sock and stuff full with dried valerian root before sewing up the entrance.

WHEATGRASS (Triticum aestivum)

Parts used: whole plant.

Common uses

How can anyone fail to notice the psychedelic green colour that screams wheatgrass? The bright green shoots and leaves of this wheat plant radiate goodness and ooze with nutrient-rich chlorophyll. Wheatgrass has become very popular for use in energy drinks and as a food source, and dogs and many cats like to chew on the young green tips and self-select the whole plant!

Key properties

Wheatgrass contains an impressive number of antioxidants and nutrients, including vitamins A, C, E and K, plus iron, zinc, folic acid, copper, selenium, potassium and calcium. It is a wonderful companion plant for dogs and cats to self-select as it helps to improve digestion, adds fibre to the diet, and helps to alkalize the blood and stimulate cell rejuvenation and enzyme activity.

Wheatgrass is cleansing and as it grows all year round it is an excellent ‘pick me up’ tonic during the dark winter months – especially for housebound cats in need of extra nutrients. It also helps cats with fur balls, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), bladder and urinary conditions and an overactive thyroid.

Some cats will chew on wheatgrass, ingest it, and then regurgitate it. This is somewhat reminiscent of the way in which their cousin, the cheetah, chews on the long savannah grasses in the wild – for fibre and to help in regurgitating parts of their prey. Do not be surprised if your cat eats the wheatgrass it has regurgitated – it is perfectly safe.

You can buy wheatgrass plants from garden centres or purchase seeds online and sow them year round. Alternatively you can buy organic wheatgrass powder and offer it on a self-selection basis or add it to dog and cat treats. (See Resources section for stockists of seeds, plants and powder.)

Make your own

Grow your own wheatgrass

If you decide to grow wheatgrass from seed, keep several small seed trays on the go. Sow seeds 12cm (5in) deep in a good compost and water well. When sprouted keep on a deep window ledge indoors, where cats can self-select and eat the tips of the lush green grass, which contain the most chlorophyll. Indoor cats especially will welcome this tasty snack, so be aware that you could be replacing the seed trays regularly!

Add to cat and dog treats

Add 1 teaspoon of wheatgrass powder to any of the biscuit recipes in Chapter 2.

YARROW (Achillea millefolium)

Parts used: aerial parts – leaves and flowers.

Common uses and key properties

This is one of my favourite herbs and it travels with me all over the world when I am treating animals at rescue centres; I also use it at my animal clinic in the UK. It is particularly beneficial for urinary infections such as cystitis, when a simple topical remedy is required for application to the lower abdomen. It also encourages the healing of wounds and burst blood vessels and helps improve the blood supply and circulation to peripheral blood vessels.

Yarrow can be grown at home (see Resources section for stockists of seeds and plants) or harvested from the countryside. Yarrow forms part of the water-based gel I make for dogs with aches and sprains. It complements the basic aloe vera gel beautifully, as together they are soothing and readily absorbed into the body. Both have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties and contain small amounts of the painkiller salicylic acid.

Make your own

The topical remedy below is particularly useful for chronic conditions such as arthritis, joint problems, and torn ligaments that are taking a long time to heal.

Aloe and yarrow gel

Note: for external use only

115g (4oz) yarrow leaves and flowers

6 tablespoons aloe vera basic gel (see recipe above)

½ teaspoon xanthan gum*

1. Place the yarrow leaves and flowers in a pestle and mortar and bruise them to release some of the precious oils. Place in a cup, add boiling water and steep overnight until cool.
2. Strain the liquid and pour into a blender with the aloe vera gel and the xanthan gum. Blend until a smooth gel is formed. Pour into an airtight glass jar and label. Store in the fridge for up to one month.
3. Apply topically and massage gently to affected areas, avoiding the face and genitals.

* Xanthan gum is a natural thickener you can buy online. See Resources section for stockists.